Ransomware, which has become one of the biggest threats in the digital world, is a high-risk type of cyberattack that can target both individual users and large corporations simultaneously. Due to the increasing data breaches, demands for payment in cryptocurrency, and "double extortion" methods seen in recent years, ransomware now threatens not only computers but also brand reputation and business continuity.

In this article, we will address the question "What is ransomware?" in the most detailed way possible, examining how ransomware works, its methods of infection, symptoms, examples, and most importantly, ways to protect against it.

What is Ransomware?

Ransomware is the name given to malicious software that encrypts files on a user's computer or network, rendering them inaccessible, and then demands a ransom (usually cryptocurrency) to unlock them.

Ransomware typically employs one of two methods:

1. Encryption (Encrypting Ransomware): Encrypts files and demands payment to unlock them.

2. Screen Locking (Locker Ransomware): Locks the system, displays a warning on the user's screen, and demands payment.

In summary: It holds your data hostage and demands money to release it.

How Does Ransomware Work?

A ransomware attack typically proceeds as follows:

1) System Infiltration

Attackers gain access to the system by tricking the user or exploiting a security vulnerability.

2) Privilege Escalation and Network Spread

If the target is a corporate network, attackers move laterally within the network and attempt to reach more critical systems.

3) Encrypting Files

Important data such as documents, photos, databases, and server files are encrypted using strong encryption methods such as AES or RSA.

4) Leaving a Ransom Note

A "ransom note" is left on the desktop or system directory. The note typically includes:

• The payment amount

• The cryptocurrency address for payment

• Deadline

• A threat that the data will be deleted or leaked if the demand is not met

5) Double Extortion – (Most Common Today)

Most modern ransomware not only encrypts data; it also steals data and increases pressure by threatening to "leak your data online if you don't pay."

How Does Ransomware Spread?

The most common ways ransomware spreads are:

✅ 1) Phishing Emails

The user receives emails such as "View your invoice" or "Delivery failed." When the attachment is opened, the ransomware activates.

✅ 2) Fake Software Updates

Fake pop-ups that appear to be "Adobe updates required" trick the user.

✅ 3) Crack / Keygen / Pirated Software

Cracked games and programs are the most common sources where ransomware is hidden.

✅ 4) Remote Desktop (RDP) Vulnerabilities

If strong passwords are not used, especially in companies, attackers can enter the system via RDP and run ransomware.

✅ 5) Security Vulnerabilities (Exploits)

Windows, VPN, NAS device, web server, or CMS (WordPress) vulnerabilities can be exploited.

What Are the Signs of Ransomware?

Common signs that a device is infected with ransomware:

• Changes in file extensions (e.g. .locked, .crypt, .xyz)

• Files not opening and appearing "corrupted"

• A ransom note on the desktop (README.txt, DECRYPT_FILES.html)

• The computer running extremely slowly

• Antivirus programs being disabled

• Signs of infection spreading to other computers on the network

Ransomware Examples (Most Common Types of Ransomware)

Some ransomware that has made headlines worldwide to date:

• WannaCry (2017 – global outbreak)

• Ryuk

• REvil (Sodinokibi)

• LockBit

• Conti

• CryptoLocker

Most of these types target not only individual users, but also hospitals, banks, large companies, and public institutions.

What to Do If You Get Hit by Ransomware?

If you experience a ransomware attack, follow these steps without panicking:

1) Disconnect from the Internet

Disconnect the device from the network (turn off Wi-Fi, unplug the Ethernet cable) because ransomware can spread across the network.

2) Do Not Shut Down the Device (Not Always)

In some cases, it is recommended not to shut down the device to prevent logs and traces from being lost. However, isolation is essential if there is a risk of spread.

3) Check Your Backups

If you have a clean backup, it may be possible to recover without paying the ransom.

4) Consult a Security Expert

In a corporate environment, incident response teams should be involved.

5) Is Paying the Ransom a Good Idea?

It is generally not recommended. Because:

• The decryption key may not be provided

• The decryption tool may be faulty

• The likelihood of being targeted again increases

Ways to Protect Against Ransomware (Most Effective Measures)

The following security measures are critical for protecting yourself from ransomware:

✅ 1) Apply the 3-2-1 Backup Rule

• 3 copies of data

• 2 different media (disk + cloud)

• 1 copy offline (network-independent)

✅ 2) Use Strong Passwords + MFA

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) must be enabled for RDP, VPN, and email accounts.

✅ 3) Don't Neglect Updates

Operating systems and software must be updated regularly. Many ransomware attacks exploit old vulnerabilities.

✅ 4) Open Email Attachments Carefully

Never open attachments from unknown senders.

✅ 5) Use EDR/Antivirus

Traditional antivirus may not be sufficient against modern ransomware attacks. EDR (Endpoint Detection and Response) solutions are more effective.

✅ 6) User Training

The biggest vulnerability in companies is the human factor. Regular awareness training is essential.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Ransomware

If ransomware infects a computer, can the files be recovered?

If you have a reliable and up-to-date backup, it is possible to recover them. Otherwise, decryption is not always possible.

Can ransomware infect a phone?

Yes. On Android devices, infection can occur particularly through fake applications.

How is ransomware removed?

It is possible to completely remove it from the system, but if the files are encrypted, simply removing it is not enough. Data recovery is a separate process.

What is the best ransomware protection?

The strongest protection: offline backup + up-to-date system + MFA + security awareness.

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Conclusion: Why is ransomware so dangerous?

Ransomware does not just lock files; today, it steals data for blackmail, damages the reputation of organizations, and brings business continuity to a standstill. Therefore, the "it won't happen to us" approach is no longer valid.

The fundamental rule of security is this:
✅ Preventing an attack is always cheaper and easier than recovering from one.